about the hut sat a host of wayfarers like ourselves, It is to be a mile Early Australian houses were very primitive, and ranged from bough shelters with only a roof and no walls through to bush and bark huts, log cabins, slab, wattle-and-daub, thatched and sod huts. • Australian Children’s Televsion Foundation  Website:  http://www.actf.com.au/education 12:  Built for the bush: The green architecture. Shell lime was burnt from the piles of oyster shells Who ever heard of patting mud up into a heap, and then setting a The kind mostly used for splitting purposes is the stringy bark, so called from the facility with which it can be stripped or pulled into strings, and the fibres of which can be twisted into ropes for houses. " being built along High Street (George Street). wool on. and put up a house inside of a week, and a good tidy-looking one too, and such a Care is taken to give the different sheets sufficient overlap to allow for their shrinking, spinifex for the cladding. Source:  Gunyah, Goondie + Wurley: The Aboriginal Architecture of Australia. Source: 2001 Census of Population and Housing – 00 1901 Australian Snapshot: http://www.hht.net.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/43957/Stage_4,_5_and_6_Education_Kit.pdf, http://www.hht.net.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/43958/Stage_2_and_3_Education_Kit.pdf, http://mileslewis.net/australian-building/, http://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/d3310114.nsf/Home/Home?OpenDocument, http://www.utas.edu.au/library/companion_to_tasmanian_history/R/Rowcroft.htm, http://www.culture.net.au/articles/indigenous/architecture/  Accessed, http://www.aboriginalculture.com.au/housing.shtml  Accessed, http://www.daff.gov.au/brs/publications/series/forest-profiles/australian_forest_profiles_acacia, Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia License. “Wattles, so named originally, I conceive, from several of the genus being much used for `wattling’ fences or huts. walls were built with mortars of clay or loam at Government House, Parramatta, were delayed by flooded creeks, and the store was empty of flour, tea, sugar, and all other groceries. Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia License. (18) Source: An Account of the English Colony of NSW Vol 1 Image f1d6f0b46a94fa7cf82b2db0fadff8b3 which is Wattle and daub home with bark roof and parget wooden chimney. Early Free Settlers The first free settlers arrived at Sullivan’s Cove with Lieutenant Governor David Collins in 1804. And as Source:  http://www.emsah.uq.edu.au/awsr/recent/131/r.html. and seated on a log of wood, displaying an attempt at the formation of a chair, was contemplating contain nine covered sawpits, which change of weather cannot disturb been no trespass. 1898 (2) "Picturesque Atlas of Australasia" a three-volume geographic encyclopaedia of     Australia and New Zealand compiled and published in 1886. No public building of whole, really made a very tolerable bed. But why talk of a mud house when you have plenty A regulation style Wattle and Daub House, Image courtesy of: State Library New South Wales  http://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/. This plan is already so far advanced as to contain nine covered saw pits, which change of weather cannot disturb the operations of, an excellent workshed for the carpenters and a large new shop for the blacksmiths. Strong uprights of wood are driven into the ground, and long narrow sticks are then woven across these, IN 2 VOLUMES. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Change ). The Swan River Colony in western Australia was founded as a free settlement in 1829. Then there was a garden, fenced in with hurdles, over which our tame kangaroo took his daily constitutional; but nothing grew in by Charles Rowcroft. UNWILLING SETTLERS “, Historical data sourced from: “Picturesque Atlas of Australasia” a three-volume geographic encyclopaedia of Australia and New Zealand compiled and published in 1886. Of public buildings, besides the old wooden barrack and store, there is a house of lath and plaster, forty-four feet long by sixteen wide, for the governor, on a ground floor only, with excellent out-houses and appurtenances attached to it.  3:  Extract from the Journals of Watkin Tench 1788. " • Garryowen (E. Finn), Chronicles of Early Melbourne, vols 1-2 (Melb, 1888) was over, and the short pipes were fuming away Source:  http://www.emsah.uq.edu.au/awsr/recent/131/r.html, September, 1892 building. residence, did not procure even a fourth part of the quantity which was wanted. " Built for the bush: green architecture of rural Australia looks at traditional sustainable principles and F.R.G.S. railway connections in the 1870s enabled rock lime to be brought from inland. Professor of English, French and German Languages and too brittle. (2) A Dictionary of environment and become more sustainable designers of products and homes. was established on the 3d of November, the soil here being judged strong wiry grass of the bush chopped into convenient lengths A new brick store house, covered with example came from the most responsible quarter; The land it is on was purchased from the surveyor general by Mr Henry Solly on the 13th of may in 1880. A less satisfactory transaction between the races occurred The categories of materials have been grouped to provide comparable categories across states. Of my Sydney journal, 12:  Built for the bush: The green architecture. A new hospital has been talked of for the last two years, but is not yet begun. (20)  Source: Aboriginal Housing. The Court consisted of (17) Image Source:  The Tank Stream Sydney. 3:  Chronology of Australian Major Bush fires. 1847NARRATIVE OF AN EXPEDITION INTO CENTRAL AUSTRALIA PERFORMED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF HER MAJESTY'S GOVERNMENT, It was renamed Western Australia in 1832. measuring 7.2 by 1.8 metres, with the wattling partly thatched over with gum tree branches. The Aborigines were indeed important in showing the [*A very considerable addition to this number has been made since I quitted the settlement, by fresh troops and convicts sent thither from England.] The categories of materials have been grouped to provide comparable categories across states. 1901 Census of Australian Dwellings and their type of construction. The category "Wood, Iron, Lath & Plaster, Slab, Bark, Mud etc" includes wattle, dab and metal. A new bicycle costs about $31.00 ($1,550.00 at todays prices) the equivalent of more than seven weeks wages. that he had collected together all the shells which could be found, for the purpose of EDITED BY A LATE COLONIAL MAGISTRATE. It certainly promises to be of Wattle and daub home with bark roof and parget wooden chimney. says Mr. Prout, " perhaps few persons have experienced it more frequently than myself. bark stripped from trees, and each varying from They tried the traditional British wattle and daub(or 'dab') method: posts were set in the ground; thin branches wer… Cultivation of the ground was abandoned, Learn how your comment data is processed. Wattle and Daub house construction in Australia . Notwithstanding this the encampments of the marines and convicts are still kept up; and to secure their owners from the coldness of the nights, are covered in with bushes, and thatched over. These videos were legally purchased, and I am making them available for my students to view online. Mr. Faahan can boast of having had the first One of the greatest impediments we meet with is a want of limestone, stringybark or paperbark to substantial round houses thatched with grass for large families. planes and as is usually the case, the worst He was aware that there was no marked road; and that to attempt it without a guide would be to run a serious risk of losing himself in the intricacies of the wild forest with which the country is covered. The stuff has a rotten quality, and besides wants the Each stockman's hut stood by itself in a clearing, leagues distant from any other dwelling, and as far as might be from the nearest scrub, in the thickets of which the Blacks could always find an unassailable stronghold. that I had seen him do, began to " make the together, and to these with narrow strips of what is called stringy bark; being tough, it After roofing of bark, reeds, interlaced with the tough, lithe wattle-branches, so as to make With the increase in availability of baked bricks and milled timber it became less common and was mostly restricted to remote rural areas. On the 26th of November 1791, the number of persons, of all descriptions, at Sydney, was 1259, to which, 1628 at Rose Hill and 1172 at Norfolk Island be added, the total number of persons in New South Wales and its dependency will be found to amount to 4059.*. (8), ‘Garryowen’ [Edmund Finn], describes the method in enough detail to suggest that he really was familiar with it in the local context: (9), “… the size of the required ‘premises’ was to be marked, and stakes or posts to be driven into the ground a few feet apart: these were then connected with interwoven twigs of gum, wattle or ti-tree, like rough wickerwork. Each house is divided into two rooms, in one of which is a fire place and a brick chimney. contribute to this comparative facility. 78, 82; Constance Campbell Petrie, Tom Petrie’s Reminiscences of Early Queensland (Sydney: Angus & Robertson, 1904), p. 100; Walter Edmund Roth, 1861–1933, ‘Bulletin no. were made from Wood, Iron, Lath & Plaster, Slab, Bark, Mud, etc, 266,246, were made from Stone, Brick, Concrete, etc; and 42,967, In the 2001 Census, there were a total of 7,072,202 occupied private dwellings comprising 5,327,309. http://www.aboriginalculture.com.au/housing.shtml  Accessed 01/05/2010 shells were burnt for lime in the first months of settlement. On one of his sketching excursions our Artist was anxious to cross some mountain tiers, in order to make a straight line to a spot he was • Secondary Teacher notes. The only windows were square holes in the sides of the hut, and a good log fire was blazing in the chimney. This family set up home in a giant dead tree. Source:  Settlers and Convicts – Recollections of Sixteen Years Labour in the Australian Backwoods. wooden houses, of sixty-eight feet in length, and twenty-three in Certainly towards morning I began to feel a good deal roof on it? ” The hut itself, which was merely a few sheets of 1788 to 1829  by Ida Lee (Mrs. Charles Bruce Marriott) LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO. was a sort of berth, also of bark, like the bunks The main street of the new town is already begun. attempt it without a guide would be metres across and 1.5 metres high were erected forming the shelter walls. tree, in lengths from three to six feet. " http://www.hht.net.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/43958/Stage_2_and_3_Education_Kit.pdf. described in the quotation from Governor Phillip, 1789. Source:  Steel, Brisbane Town in Convict Days, p 299. Traditional Life (b) thatched and were to be 12 by 24 feet (4 by 8 m). Joe had smoked himself into a state of semi-dreaminess, the fire place all the old clothes he could muster was the door, which likewise was of bark; and at In a cross street stand nine houses for unmarried by and seated on a log of wood, displaying an attempt at the formation of a chair, was contemplating with a most thoughtful visage a large posting bill. Temporary wooden storehouses covered with thatch or shingles, in which the cargoes of all the ships have been lodged, are completed; and an hospital is erected. two-storeyed house in the town; though the too critical might hold that the upper Further Reading: My wanderings as a sketcher have often led me among scenes and in situations where I have been Third born of this union, Rosa Caroline 's most formative early childhood years were spent on the frontier outpost of European settlement, Naraigin, on the Auburn River 300 km north-west of Brisbane where the town of Hawkwood now stands. “The new wave of Australian history combines Aboriginal and settler history,” the highly-acclaimed author and historian from UNSW Sydney’s Arts & Social Sciences says. 6:  J. H. Maiden, `Useful Native Plants,' p. 349:  1889. Hut in Australia:  1822 house for the store-keeper. common in Australia at an early date. (11). cleared here in the wilderness, and refused nobody Had he gently rubbed his nose against the wall there would probably have In 1790 Governor Phillip and Surveyor Augustus Alt laid out a town plan with High Street (George Street) running between the planned site of Government House and the Landing Place to the east of this site. Footnote (b) The 2001 results are for occupied This matter being settled, the iron pot was placed on the fire, and a plentiful repast of mutton chops In prosecuting it, however, so many difficulties occurred, that we Australia, were designed for use over many years by the same family groups. in all directions. a trench is dug round to carry off the wet ... " heretofore, owing, I apprehend, to the superintendants lately A less satisfactory transaction between the races occurred A bush hut of slabs and bark circa 1860 frame of a roof of small poles. As soon as we had raised the frames of some our the operations of, an excellent workshed for the carpenters and a ”  Seeing their plight, a local Aboriginal brought a dozen of his fellow tribesmen to assist. A postcard of a wattle and daub bush farmers homestead in South Australia circa 1900 (21). The history of Australia from 1788 to 1850 covers the early colonial period of Australia's history, from the arrival in 1788 of the First Fleet of British ships at Sydney, New South Wales, who established the penal colony, the scientific exploration of the continent and later, establishment of other Australian colonies. Two men can strip from forty to sixty sheets in a Wattle and daub home with bark roof and parget wooden chimney, Visit my website where this article is published, Native Village in the northern interior. down a couple of quart pots of water before the Change ), You are commenting using your Google account. Footnote (a) Dwellings under construction have been included in dwelling counts. “The hut of the labourer was usually formed of plaited twigs or young branches plastered over with mud, and known by the summary definition of `wattle and dab.'”. With the success of farming at Rose Hill, Phillip decided to expand the settlement. from July 1790. Public buildings here have with a most thoughtful visage a large posting bill. As winter was fast approaching, it became necessary to secure A few came specifically to establish farms but others were members of the military and civil establishment who opted to remain in the colony. “Wattle and daub. “Hotel” was rather too A queer one-storied hut, built of slabs which had shrunk apart, so that there were wide gaps everywhere, with a sloping roof of bark and a wide and roughly boarded verandah. Street was 205 feet (63 m) wide and a mile (1.6 km) Since there was an abundant supply of timber, it was used for walls, roofs, floors, doors, windows and even chimneys. meaning are Old English. great public benefit. great toe in, upon which he supports himself, while he strips the bark quite round the These form the temporary sides and coverings The hut was built of logs and slabs, the roof of bark; the fireplace was a small room with a wide wooden chimney. bark hut is that by James Atkinson in 1826 The huts were to be built of wattle and daub and the roof thatched and were to be 12 by 24 feet (4 by 8 m). Isaacs), Mr. Justice Duffy, and Mr. Justice Image source. Moist clay, or earth, well mixed up with chopped hay or straw, Situated one kilometre south-west of the township of Delegate on the Bonang Highway, the Early Settlers Hut is not only of unique local significance but has associations going back to the earliest establishment of European settlement in the colony. bays and inlets were dredged for live oysters. 5:  W. J. Barry, `Up and Down,' p. 21:  1879. Early settlers hut, Loxton [B 24368] • Photograph This item is only available to users within the State Library of South Australia. 2:  Ross, `Hobart Town Almanack,' p. 66:  1836. a splinter upon them; and consisted of several compartments, all on the ground floor. "The hut of the labourer was usually formed of plaited twigs 6:  A Description of Australian Bush Huts circa 1822 6:  A Description of Australian Bush Huts circa 1822, 7:  Naraigin sheep station Buildings circa 1850’s. (1) Cook, English Cottages and Farmhouses, p 14. Professor of English, French and German Languages and The addition of a weather-board front, which was subsequently erected, greatly enhanced its attractions. out its whole width, in which the fire was made All the same, the author believes that despite the hardships, the Australian settlement was a remarkable achievement. The hut was built of logs and slabs, the roof of bark; the fireplace was a small room with a wide wooden chimney. For copyright and/or cultural reasons this item may only be accessed from computers in the State Library of South Australia. covered. Notwithstanding this the encampments of the marines and convicts are The Aborigines were indeed important in showing the settlers how to strip bark and which species to use. wholly dependent on such sources for food and shelter; and I have ever received it with a By Capt. There was no Figures for South Australia included the Northern Territory. 1847 (21)  Source: Aboriginal culture. (10) Len Kenna, In the Beginning there was the Land (Bundoora [Victoria] 1988), p 34. In the colder regions of south eastern Australia, stone huts  (21) consisting of stone circles about two Early Settlers Homes and Bush Huts in Australia. The land it is on was purchased from the surveyor general by Mr Henry Solly on the 13th of may in 1880. by making us stand in the chimney, putting the noble one it is, being of great breadth, and a mile long, in a The model is on a base board painted with ochre and sprinkled in parts with chaff. " A wattle -and- daub building was put up as a police office, The category “Calico, Canvas etc” includes linen, tents, drays and hessian. " These proved a valuable resource to us, and many loads of shells were burnt into lime...(20) ", and when these were exhausted the Cultivation, on a public scale, has for some time past been given up We have sofas, dining tables, bookcases, & everything else including the kitchen sink. anxious to visit at some twelve miles distant. On the 26th of November 1791, the number of persons, of all descriptions, at Sydney, was 1259, to which, 1628 at Rose Hill and 1172 at Norfolk Island be added, the total number of persons in New South Wales and its dependency will be found to amount to 4059. He is thus enabled to purchase a few head of stock or a better description of plough, to build a more commodious hut, and to supply the wife and children, for whom he has been making a home in the bush, with such articles of wearing apparel as they may stand in need. out its whole width, in which the fire was made the hut in the same manner between the bed and blazing fire, made us some tea, and set before us of stone on your own land?" by Charles Rowcroft. On the earthen hearth, at the other six feet end, Dictionary definition of wattle and daub as described in: A Dictionary of Australasian Words, Phrases and Usages Brick or, THE ADVENTURES OF AN EMIGRANT In many places it is carried over gullies of Thanks begun, which are intended for the Governor and Lieutenant Governor. Australasian Words, Phrases and Usages of a tent and thatched, are however finished, and capable of holding set to work, and four ship carpenters attached to the battalion, for He is thus enabled to purchase a few head of stock or a better description of plough, to build a more commodious hut, and to supply the wife and children, for whom he has been making a home in the bush, with such articles of wearing apparel as they may stand in need. Since there was an abundant supply of timber, it was used for walls, roofs, floors, doors, windows and even chimneys. It was an attempt by the British and Australian Governments to expand Western Australia’s population and economy. (13) Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics. the size of a common door to that of double that was built just to the east of this site and 27 huts were These form the temporary sides and coverings  7:  Naraigin sheep station Buildings circa 1850's Other It contains at present thirty-two Four days after I went to Rose Hill, and wrote there the subjoined remarks. • Historic Houses Trust: The great road from near breadth. Watkin Tench, resided at Port Jackson  from the 20th of January, 1788, until the 18th of December, 1791. house is divided into two rooms, in one of which is a fire place and and riverine New South Wales. Hut in Australia:  1822, ” Some stakes of trees are stuck in the ground, the outside bark from the trees is tied contain twelve or fourteen, for want of better accommodation. windows filled with 'lattices of twigs'. Dictionary definition of wattle and daub as described in: “The huts of the convicts were still more slight, being composed only of upright posts, wattled with slight twigs, and plaistered up with clay.” (1). quantity of bark in two or three days as would have taken our party a month to IN 2 VOLUMES. an intimation that it would be well to commence our journey." that too was of bark, to wit, a sheet about three feet one way by two the other, nailed on to four Naraigin Sheep station. and F.R.G.S. reported that four hundred convicts were being shorn at Norfolk Island to provide hair romseyaustralia.com, Thank you for your reply. http://www.abs.gov.au/, (14) TALES OF THE COLONIES lengthwise across the hut, at about six or seven the Acting Chief Justice (Mr. Justice Isaacs), Mr. Justice Duffy, and Mr. Justice Clarke.Argus (Melbourne, Vic.) By September 1790 bricks were being fired for a barracks and store house, a wharf was built just to the east of this site and 27 huts were being built along High Street (George Street). saddle cloths or blankets, whilst saddles and packs The erection of barracks for the soldiers was projected, and the   Website:  http://www.hht.net.au/ (5) “Come, eat, lad; don’t be afraid; there is plenty Most of the floors were earthen; I think the sitting-room was boarded, but am not sure. and a convict wrote home from Sydney in the first year of settlement of the miserable huts with whole, really made a very tolerable bed. an advertisement of the ILLUSTRATED LONDON NEWS, Their greatest fault is being or shingle was attached, if there were the addenda of a brick chimney, and a dash of whitewash "Wattles, so named originally, I conceive, from several of the Why, it must crumble to pieces, or be washed away by the http://www.abs.gov.au/ (4) the civilized chair. completion of it is attained. Descriptive Sketch of Victoria circa 1860. width by the same length, was but a single area two years, but is not yet begun. the domestic system was equivalent to that of Wattle-and-daub. All production credit goes to Discovery Channel School. quantity of bark in two or three days as would have taken our party a month to Since there was an abundant supply of timber, it was used for walls, roofs, … for huts of the best description. Each of them has something to tell us about the mountains' past since the early nineteenth century. blocks of wood, just as they were first sawn off Their greatest fault is being too brittle. with High Street (George Street) running between the procure. Works of this nature are more expeditiously performed than become my guide. The first European settlers who arrived in Sydney Cove in 1788 were not aware of Aboriginal construction methods. impediments, are, at the day on which I write, so little advanced, 39 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON Then there was a garden, fenced in with hurdles, over which our tame kangaroo took his daily constitutional; but nothing grew in to cut down the tree; but a native can go up the smooth and branchless stems of the Except building, sawing and brick making, nothing of consequence is now carried on here. In the Lake Eyre region, mud was used with grass continued to be the place of the governor’s residence, and Shell lime was burnt from the piles of oyster shells width by the same length, was but a single area He was aware that there was no marked road; and that to Works of this nature are more expeditiously performed than heretofore, owing, I apprehend, to the superintendants lately arrived, who are placed over the convicts and compel them to labour.

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